OpenSSH
Linux
A severe OpenSSH vulnerability, regreSSHion, allows unauthenticated RCE, risking...
CVE-2024-6387, identified by the Qualys Threat Research Unit (TRU), marks a significant cybersecurity vulnerability in OpenSSH's server (sshd) on glibc-based Linux systems. This Remote Unauthenticated Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability, labeled "regreSSHion," poses a substantial threat due to its ability to execute arbitrary code as root, compromising system integrity and security.
The critical nature of this flaw, a regression from a previously patched issue, demands immediate attention and comprehensive analysis.
The issue is a regression of the previously identified CVE-2006-5051 and stems from the asynchronous signal-unsafe functions being called within the `sshd`'s `SIGALRM` handler.
### Overview of the Vulnerability
The regreSSHion vulnerability, a signal handler race condition, impacts OpenSSH in its default configuration. This issue allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code without authentication, potentially compromising millions of systems. Censys and Shodan searches have identified over 14 million potentially vulnerable OpenSSH server instances exposed to the internet.
Furthermore, Qualys CSAM 3.0 data indicates that approximately 700,000 external internet-facing instances are vulnerable, representing 31% of the global customer base with OpenSSH.
Notably, 0.14% of these instances are running End-Of-Life/End-Of-Support versions of OpenSSH.
### Historical Context and Regression Analysis
OpenSSH versions earlier than 4.4p1 were vulnerable to this race condition, which was initially patched but not fully resolved by CVE-2008-4109.
This [vulnerability](https://blog.qualys.com/vulnerabilities-threat-research/2024/07/01/regresshion-remote-unauthenticated-code-execution-vulnerability-in-openssh-server) is a regression of CVE-2006-5051, initially reported in 2006. A regression in this context implies that a flaw, previously resolved, has reemerged due to subsequent changes in the software.
This issue resurfaced in October 2020 with the release of OpenSSH 8.5p1, due to a modification in the logging infrastructure that inadvertently removed critical safeguards, reintroducing the race condition emphasizing the necessity of thorough regression testing to prevent such occurrences.
The affected versions are:
- **OpenSSH < 4.4p1:** Vulnerable if not patched against CVE-2006-5051 or CVE-2008-4109.
- **OpenSSH 4.4p1 to 8.5p1:** Not vulnerable due to the presence of a safeguard.
- **OpenSSH 8.5p1 to 9.8p1:** Vulnerable again due to the accidental removal of the safeguard.
### Technical Details and Exploitation
The regreSSHion vulnerability is complex and challenging to exploit due to its remote race condition nature.
The exploitation process involves interrupting a function call such as free() or malloc() within the sshd's public-key parsing code using SIGALRM, leading to a heap inconsistency. This inconsistent state is exploited in subsequent calls within the SIGALRM handler, enabling remote code execution.
The advisory details the step-by-step methodology, including:
- **Heap Manipulation:** Interrupting specific memory allocation calls to create a predictable memory state.
- **Race Condition Exploitation:** Utilizing SIGALRM to precisely time the interruption and exploit the heap state.
- **Remote Code Execution:** Achieving code execution by leveraging the inconsistent memory state to inject and execute malicious payloads.
Successful exploitation requires precise timing to induce memory corruption, bypassing security mechanisms such as Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR).
The vulnerability is highly exploitable on glibc-based systems, particularly those without Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) and No eXecute (NX) protections, as these mitigations complicate the exploitation process.
Despite the complexity, advancements in deep learning could potentially aid attackers in leveraging this vulnerability more effectively.
### Potential Impact
Exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to full system compromise.
Attackers can execute arbitrary code with root privileges, resulting in complete control over the affected system. This includes installing malware, manipulating data, and creating backdoors for persistent access.
Moreover, attackers could bypass critical security mechanisms, leading to significant data breaches and leakage.
### Mitigation Strategies
#### Patch Management
Immediate patching is crucial. Organizations should apply the latest patches for OpenSSH and prioritize continuous updates. Regular patch management ensures that systems remain protected against known vulnerabilities.
#### Enhanced Access Control
Restricting SSH access through network-based controls can significantly reduce attack surfaces. Implementing strict access policies ensures that only authorized personnel can access critical systems.
#### Network Segmentation and Intrusion Detection
Dividing networks into segments restricts unauthorized access and limits lateral movement within critical environments. Deploying intrusion detection systems (IDS) helps monitor and alert on unusual activities indicative of exploitation attempts.
### Detailed Technical Analysis
The following sections provide a [comprehensive technical breakdown](https://www.qualys.com/2024/07/01/cve-2024-6387/regresshion.txt) of the regreSSHion vulnerability, including code snippets and contextual examples to illustrate the issue's complexity.
#### Signal Handler Race Condition
The core of [CVE-2024-6387](https://github.com/xaitax/CVE-2024-6387_Check) lies in a signal handler race condition within sshd. A race condition occurs when the timing of processes influences the system's behavior, potentially leading to unexpected outcomes.
```c
void signal_handler(int signo) {
// Vulnerable code snippet
char buffer[1024];
snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "Signal %d received", signo);
// Race condition occurs here
log_message(buffer);
}
```
In the above code, the race condition arises from the use of `snprintf` within a signal handler. If the signal handler interrupts a critical section of the code, it can lead to memory corruption and arbitrary code execution.
#### Memory Corruption and ASLR Bypass
To exploit this vulnerability, attackers must induce memory corruption and bypass ASLR. This requires precise timing and repeated attempts, making the exploitation process challenging but not impossible.
```python
import os
import time
def exploit_race_condition():
for _ in range(1000):
os.kill(os.getpid(), signal.SIGUSR1)
time.sleep(0.001)
if __name__ == "__main__":
exploit_race_condition()
```
The Python script above demonstrates a basic approach to exploiting the race condition. By repeatedly sending signals to the process, the attacker increases the chances of successful exploitation.
### Detection and Prevention
Qualys provides tools and resources to help organizations detect and mitigate this vulnerability. The following QID (Qualys ID) helps identify affected systems:
#### QID 42046: OpenSSH Remote Unauthenticated Code Execution Vulnerability (regreSSHion)
```qql
vulnerabilities.vulnerability.cveIds:CVE-2024-6387
```
### Secure Blink's Solution
#### Automated Detection & Remediation with ThreatSpy
ThreatSpy automates both authenticated and unauthenticated scans, identifying a wide range of vulnerabilities, including those within the OWASP Top 10, CWE Top 25, and more.
The platform’s heuristic approach prioritizes vulnerabilities based on a custom-built Reachability Framework, offering a Security Posture score derived from contextual analysis.
**Key Features of ThreatSpy:**
- Automated Scans: Performs extensive scans covering various vulnerabilities and generating detailed reports.
- Remediation Playbook and Mitigation Campaign: Provides step-by-step guidance for efficient remediation and automates actions to mitigate identified vulnerabilities.
- Security Posture Score: Offers a comprehensive score based on the potential impact and exploitability of vulnerabilities.
- ROI Calculation: Evaluates the effectiveness of the platform by calculating the number of manual hours saved.
**Addressing the regreSSHion Vulnerability**
To mitigate the regreSSHion vulnerability, ThreatSpy can:
- **Automated Vulnerability Detection and Remediation:** Quickly identify and apply necessary patches for OpenSSH, ensuring systems are up-to-date and secure.
- **Comprehensive Vulnerability Scanning:** Perform both authenticated and unauthenticated scans to cover a wide range of potential vulnerabilities.
- **Prioritization and Contextual Analysis:** Use heuristic analysis to prioritize vulnerabilities based on their potential impact and exploitability, providing a Security Posture score.
### Conclusion
The [CVE-2024-6387](https://www.qualys.com/regresshion-cve-2024-6387/) regreSSHion vulnerability represents a significant security threat due to its potential for remote code execution as root.
Secure Blink’s ThreatSpy offers a robust solution for identifying and mitigating such vulnerabilities through automated detection, prioritization, and remediation processes.
By leveraging [ThreatSpy](https://www.secureblink.com/threatspy), organizations can enhance their security posture and effectively safeguard against this critical vulnerability.
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